Low-cost aircraft
Relatively inexpensive systems may impose disproportionate defensive cost.
Low-cost unmanned aircraft are reshaping the risk faced by fixed critical infrastructure and the economics of defending it.
One-way attack drones, low-cost unmanned aircraft and coordinated swarm tactics can place fixed infrastructure under sustained pressure.
Existing radar, electronic warfare, interceptor and air-defence systems remain essential. However, highly capable countermeasures may depend on consumable interceptors, specialist staffing or favourable engagement conditions.
Relatively inexpensive systems may impose disproportionate defensive cost.
Energy, logistics, communications and government sites cannot relocate away from threat.
Multiple simultaneous threats can challenge engagement capacity and operational endurance.
Repeated use of expensive consumable interceptors can create an unfavourable cost ratio.
Critical infrastructure may require protection that remains available over long periods.
No single countermeasure addresses every threat, environment or operational constraint.